This ideal from which the peculiarities were effaced became 'the average man'. His initial work in criminology led him to observe 'the greater the number of individuals observed the more do peculiarities become effaced.'. Quetelet discovered that the bell-shaped curve applied to social statistics gathered by the French government in the course of its normal processes on large numbers of people passing through the courts and the military. Gauss discovered the normal distribution (bell-shaped curve): given a large number of measurements of the same variable under the same conditions, they vary at random from a most frequent value, the 'average', to two least frequent values at maximum differences greater and lower than the most frequent value. Galton's ideas were elaborated from the work of two early 19th-century pioneers in statistics: Carl Friedrich Gauss and Adolphe Quetelet. Hypothesizing that eminence is inherited from ancestors, Galton did a study of families of eminent people in Britain, publishing it in 1869 as Hereditary Genius. He studied the work of his older half-cousin Charles Darwin about biological evolution. Galton is regarded as the founder of psychometry. They had advocated the analysis of reaction time and sensory acuity as measures of 'neurophysiological efficiency' and the analysis of sensory acuity as a measure of intelligence. The assessment of intelligence was initiated by Francis Galton (1822вЂ“1911) and James McKeen Cattell. Beginning to blend the concepts of the divine and the talented, the EncyclopГ©die article on genius (gГ©nie) describes such a person as 'he whose soul is more expansive and struck by the feelings of all others interested by all that is in nature never to receive an idea unless it evokes a feeling everything excites him and on which nothing is lost.' Historical development Galton The term genius acquired its modern sense in the eighteenth century, and is a conflation of two Latin terms: genius, as above, and Ingenium, a related noun referring to our innate dispositions, talents, and inborn nature. Because the achievements of exceptional individuals seemed to indicate the presence of a particularly powerful genius, by the time of Augustus, the word began to acquire its secondary meaning of 'inspiration, talent'.

The noun is related to the Latin verbs 'gignere' (to beget, to give birth to) and 'generare' (to beget, to generate, to procreate), and derives directly from the Indo-European stem thereof: 'Зµenh' (to produce, to beget, to give birth). In ancient Rome, the genius (plural in Latin genii) was the guiding spirit or tutelary deity of a person, family ( gens), or place ( genius loci). Д¬onfucius, one of the most influential thinkers of the ancient world and the most famous Chinese philosopher, is often considered a genius. Walter Isaacson, biographer of many well-known geniuses, explains that although high intelligence may be a prerequisite, the most common trait that actually defines a genius may be the extraordinary ability to apply creativity and imaginative thinking to almost any situation. Sometimes genius is associated with talent, but several authors such as Cesare Lombroso and Arthur Schopenhauer systematically distinguish these terms. There is no scientifically precise definition of a genius. Geniuses may be polymaths who excel across many diverse subjects or may show high achievements in only a single kind of activity. For the taxonomic level, see genus.ДЄ genius is a person who displays exceptional intellectual ability, creative productivity, universality in genres, or originality, typically to a degree that is associated with the achievement of new discoveries or advances in a domain of knowledge. For other uses, see Genius (disambiguation). For the mythological spirit, see Genius (mythology). This article is about the higher level of intellectual ability possessed by certain individuals.

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